How Does ADHD Medication Work?
When a neuron transmits an information to another, it uses chemicals called neurotransmitters. They need to travel through a tiny gap known as a synapse.
Some ADHD medications boost the effectiveness of these messages. They either help neurons release neurotransmitters more or slow the process of reuptake (called Reuptake inhibitors).
Doctors begin ADHD patients on a low dosage and monitor their response. They alter the dosage as they go along to determine the "sweet spot" -the lowest dosage that shows an immediate improvement in symptoms and few adverse side effects.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate the first medication that doctors try to help ADHD children, is usually Methylphenidate. It works by increasing the amount of norepinephrine and dopamine in kids' brains, which helps them focus and pay attention. It also decreases their impulsivity and hyperactivity. It is important to remember that methylphenidate must only be used under an appointment with a doctor since it is a controlled substance.
Ritalin is the most commonly used methylphenidate drug. It is available in tablets that release immediately, chewable tablets, and capsules. Certain forms of the medication contain aspartame (an artificial sweetener) which is hazardous for people suffering from phenylketonuria, an inherited condition which causes severe intellectual impairment. Be add adhd medication to tell your doctor about any food allergies that you or your child may have.
Researchers have discovered that methylphenidate reduces aberrant activity in various parts of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and a network of three brain networks that play a role in the process of adaptive control. This could explain why methylphenidate has been found to be one of the most effective drugs for treating ADHD.
The effects of stimulants can be averted which include a an increase in appetite and sleepiness, stomach upset, headache, anxiety or disturbances, and antics. They aren't common, but they could be serious. You should consult your physician immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. You should also inform your doctor if your child is suffering from allergies, an underlying heart condition or depression, bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions, glaucoma, a history of seizures or stroke or if you are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) like isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) or methylene blue, or phenelzine (Nardil). It's important to take methylphenidate according to the dosage recommended by your doctor.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines speed up messages between brain cells and help you focus your thoughts and ignore distractions. They are the most commonly used treatments for ADHD in both adults and children. They boost the levels of neurotransmitters norepinephrine as well as dopamine in your brain. Amphetamines are available in short-acting (immediate release) and intermediate- or long-acting form. They can be taken orally as well as via injection.
Some people are afflicted by the side effects of stimulant medication such as restlessness or difficulties sleeping, or an increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Your doctor will be able to monitor the symptoms and alter the dosage to find the right one for you. Some people may have to take a mix of medicines to achieve the desired effect.
The effects of stimulants are primarily on two neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. This is the region of the brain which regulates emotions and manages your behavior. These medications are used to treat a range of mental health problems that include depression, ADD/ADHD anxiety, bipolar disorder and depression.
Amphetamines and methylphenidates are the most common stimulant drugs. The FDA has approved dozens of brand-name stimulants to treat ADHD. They are available in various types, from short-acting up to long-acting. They are injected orally or by injection. Amphetamines are often abused by teens who use them to stay awake and concentrate for exams, as well as by truck drivers and students who need more energy for endurance sports. They can also trigger physical and mental problems when misused, particularly in higher doses.
ADHD is treatable with non-stimulant medication. These include atomoxetine clonidine and Guanfacine. They are in the same class as antidepressants and belong to the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists classes. They are built on the same chemical that stimulants do, but they are less likely to cause the symptoms of tics in those with Tourette syndrome.
Short-acting stimulants
These drugs are used to treat teenagers and children with ADHD. They can be taken by mouth or applied to the skin. They are available in liquids and patches as well as pills that can be chewed or swallowed. These medications are typically only available with a prescription. These include methylphenidate (brand names Ritalin (Concerta, Focalin (Daytrana), andamphetamines, (Adderall (Dexedrine, Vyvanse)). Short-acting stimulants have a rapid effect and last from 3 to 6 hours.
These medications alleviate symptoms for 70 percent to 80% of adults and kids with ADHD. They decrease the amount of fidgeting and interruptions, and make it easier to complete your tasks. They also help improve academic performance and relationships. However, they can't address the root issues that cause ADHD. It's important to combine the two therapies with behavior therapy.
It's also important to recognize that ADHD medications can have adverse effects. You might feel sleepy or cranky. You may also feel sleepy. These effects are usually mild, and they disappear once the medication is gone from your system. Your doctor might ask you to take a small dose at first and then increase it gradually. They'll watch to see how the medication affects you or your child and check for any issues.
It can take some time to determine the best dosage and medication for you or your child. It is important to communicate openly with your health care provider. They might suggest an increase in the amount of medication that you or your child takes or if any medication is required at any time. They may also want to know whether you or your child suffer from any other mental or medical ailments.
Intermediate stimulants
Stimulants are used to treat ADHD symptoms by altering the activity of important neurotransmitters in the brain. This can increase the levels of dopamine as well as norepinephrine. These two chemicals are vital to the functioning of the pre-frontal cortex of the brain (think of it as your "secretary" in the executive functioning area of your brain). Stimulant medications are efficient for the majority of ADHD children. Your doctor will assist you in figuring out what kind of medication and dose is right for you. You may have to try different kinds of medications before finding the one that is right for you or your child.
You can take these stimulants in chewable tablets or liquid form. These medications perform quickly and last for three to four hours. The "crash effect" occurs when the medication wears off. This is characterized by an abrupt drop in energy levels and extreme hunger. There are also stimulants that act long-lastingly like dexamfetamine and lisdexamfetamine. They are more complex and require prescription. They are injected into bloodstreams and are then converted from inactive active in red blood cells.
Finding the right medication, dosage and schedule for your child or for yourself can take some time. Your doctor will monitor how you respond to the medication and watch for problems like trouble sleeping. If you or your child isn't responding well to stimulants, they will also discuss non-stimulant medications.
Do not stop or alter your ADHD medication without consulting with your doctor. Inform your doctor if take any over-the counter medications or supplements, as they could interact with ADHD medications.
Long-acting stimulants
For 70-80% of adults and children with ADHD stimulant medications work in decreasing hyperactivity, interrupting behaviour such as fidgeting, impulsivity and fidgeting. They can also help people focus, finish tasks, and maintain relationships. However, they may not reduce moodiness or other problematic symptoms. They can also cause side effects such as loss of appetite, insomnia and anxiety. They can also trigger stomachaches, heart rhythm changes, and high blood pressure.
These medicines work in phases and help treat ADHD symptoms throughout the daytime. The majority begin to work within 30 to 45 minutes and fade within 3 to 6 hours. They are often used in conjunction with other forms of ADHD treatment like behavioral therapy.
Some of these long-acting stimulants, such as atomoxetine-ER (Intuniv) and Guanfacine (Strattera) can last for a long time and even the next day. Some doctors suggest taking them to fill an afternoon trough, so that patients don't need an additional dose of medication during school or in the afternoon.
Long-acting stimulants don't boost dopamine levels as rapidly as intermediate- and short-acting drugs, but they still raise their levels significantly. They don't have the same effects on rebound as stimulants with shorter durations.
Long-acting stimulants due to the potential for adverse reactions are typically prescribed as a second treatment for adults suffering from ADHD and teens who are older. However, they can be used as a first-line treatment option for those with ADHD who haven't had a response to other medications.
While medication can aid in improving self-control and concentration but it's not the only option for people suffering from ADHD. In conjunction with a healthy sleeping routine and healthy eating habits, as well as other self-help strategies, it's often possible to reduce or eliminate the necessity for ADHD medicine.